Intellectual bravery is a willingness to disagree, dissent, or challenge the status quo in a setting of social risk in which you could be embarrassed, marginalized, or punished in some way. When intellectual bravery disappears, organizations develop patterns of willful blindness. Bureaucracy buries boldness. Efficiency crushes creativity. From there, the status quo calcifies and stagnation sets in.

The responsibility for creating a culture of intellectual bravery lies in leadership. As a leader, you set the tone, create the vibe, and define the prevailing norms. Whether or not your company has a culture of intellectual bravery depends on your ability to establish a pattern of rewarded rather than punished vulnerability. Let me share two examples.

Team A — Punished Vulnerability: Last year, I spent a day with a software development team — a group of talented people with high expectations for themselves. This team was behind schedule, over budget, and not making progress as expected. Each member of the team had a track record of solid individual performance, so the prospect of failing on this project created a level of anxiety and frustration they had not experienced before. The leader had given the team guidance about a specific user experience design he preferred, but when team members tried to offer an alternative point of view, he would cut off the conversation and tell them to get back to work. When he finally understood that his UX ideas were not working, he reacted with anger and pointed out the team’s failing in an all-hands meeting. This activated everyone’s self-censoring instinct, and iced the team into crippling silence. It was now risky for anyone to say what they really thought, so the team members retreated into risk management, pain avoidance, and loss prevention — a reasonable reaction. At the very time the leader needed to inspire his team, he created a collective stupor, and his actions were met with compliance, disengagement, and a lack of critical thinking from the team.

Team B — Rewarded Vulnerability: I worked with another software development team at a different company. They were on deadline for a new version release and had been working around the clock. Because of the stakes, the margin of error was low and the pressure was on. But in this case, the team members didn’t seem worried about social risk and spoke up regardless of hierarchy and power with energy and enthusiasm. I watched a new team member push back on a senior leader’s suggestion. Another person asked a naive question. Another shared a mistake she had made and wanted to discuss. In short, the level of psychological safety in the room matched the level of personal exposure required to challenge the status quo. They engaged in small and large acts of vulnerability without fear of ridicule or retaliation. Why? Because they had been given a license to disagree. Most impressive was the team’s ability to maintain creative abrasion and constructive dissent without collapsing into debilitating tension, personal attacks, or silence. The leader rewarded the teams’ acts of vulnerability with permission to engage in more acts of vulnerability. That pattern became the norm.

How did the leader of Team B do it? She created comfort and protection for team members to speak up. Employees naturally engage in threat detection as they interact in the workplace. If they see evidence that other employees have been marginalized, embarrassed, or punished in some way because of their position, gender, ethnicity, age, neurodiversity, or another demographic variable, they use that information to decide whether or not to be vulnerable — even for something as seemingly benign as asking a question. For instance, a new employee may hesitate to ask a question because he perceives that he is not authorized to contribute until he gains more tenure. Or a woman of color may not express an important insight because she witnesses instances of gender and racial bias. By reducing social risk, you can create a culture of intellectual bravery, making it more likely that people will feel comfortable speaking up.

Based on my research with diverse, global teams, I’ve found seven ways to create intellectual bravery on your team.

[Here are the first two.]

• Take your finger off the fear button. There are lots of ways leaders create fear, often without even realizing it. They may rudely cut someone off in conversation, roll their eyes, or simply ignore someone during a meeting. There are more overt ways too, such as publicly shaming someone for asking a question. A milder version would be to simply roll your eyes. Fear causes people to self-censor and retreat into silence. So watch for ways that you might be making team members afraid, even inadvertently, and change your behavior.
• Assign dissent. If you assign specific members of your team to challenge a course of action or find flaws in a proposed decision, you remove much of the individual’s personal risk and replace it with institutional permission. This allows intellectual bravery to become the norm rather than the exception. Consider rotating the role so that certain team members don’t get permanently labels as devil’s advocates. And don’t always put the same person in that role — mix up who takes it on based on skill, background, and temperament.